Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

The disease concept of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders(NMOSD) has undergone a significant change over the last two decades including detection Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein(MOG) antibody in patients who are seronegative for aquaporin-4 antibody. Aquaporin-4 positive NMOSD is now regarded as an immune astrocytopathy. Conversely, MOG associated known to target myelin rather than astrocytes, leading syndrome with distinct clinical and radiological features. Incorporation features like area postrema syndrome, brainstem diencephalic cortical manifestations core characteristics into revised diagnostic criteria widened spectrum NMOSD. With development these criteria, it possible make diagnosis at earlier stage so that effective immunosuppression can be instituted promptly better long-term prognosis. Newer therapeutic agents have been introduced seropositive disease; however, challenges remain treating because limited treatment options.